Умная толпа

63. «FCC Sides with Cable Net Firms», Associated Press, 14 March 2002, « http://www.wired.com/news/politics/0,1283,51061,00.html  » (29 March 2002).
64. L. Garton, С Haythornthwaite, and B. Wellman, «Studying Online Social Networks», Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 3, 1 (1997): 1.
65. Barry Wellman, «Physical Place and CyberPlace: The Rise of Personalized Networking», International journal of Urban and Regional Research 25, 2 (2001): 227-252, « http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~wellman/ publications/individualism/ijurr3al.htm  » (29 March 2002).
66. Alun Anderson, «The Mathematics of Mayhem», in The World in 2001, « http://www.theworldin.com/arts/sci/fsl.html  » (5 May 2001).
67. Gordon E. Moore, «Cramming More Components onto Integrated Circuits», Electronics 38, 8 (19 April 1965): 114-117.
68. «Moore's Law», Intel Corporation, « http://www.intel.com/research/silicon/mooreslaw.htm  » (21 December 2001).
69. Scott Kirsner, «The Legend of Bob Metcalfe», Wired 6.11, November 1998, « http://www.wired.eom/wired/archive//6.11/metcalfe.html? person=bob_metcalfe amp;topic_set=wiredpeople  » (27 January 2002).
70. David P. Reed, «That Sneaky Exponential: Beyond Metcalfe's Law to the Power of Community Building», originally appeared in Context Magazine, Spring 1999 (by permission of DiamondCluster International, Inc. © 1999) « http://www.contextmag.com/archives/199903/ digitalstrategyreedslaw.asp  » (25 January 2002).
71. Francis Fukuyama, Trust. The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity (New York: Free Press, 1995).
72. Reed, «That Sneaky Exponential», 1999.
Глава 3
1. Epigraph: Cory Doctorow, «My Date with the Gnomes of San Jose», Mindjack, 15 October 2000. « http://www.mindjack.com/feature/ p2p.html.  » (25 January 2002).
2. Charlene Anderson, «SETI@home and the Planetary Society: A Reminiscence and a Hope for the Future», May 2000, « http:// www.planetary.org/UPDATES/seti/seti@home_and_planetary_society.html  » (20 January 2002). See also: Roving Mouse, «SETI@home Stats», « http:// www.roving-mouse.com/setiathome/  » (25 January 2002).
3. Robert Wright, Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny (New York: Vintage, 2000).
4. David P. Reed, «That Sneaky Exponential: Beyond Metcalfe's Law to the Power of Community Building», Context Magazine, Spring 1999 (by permission of DiamondCluster International, Inc. © 1999) «http:.// www.contextmag.com/archives/199903/digitalstrategyreedslaw.asp  » (1 February 2002).
5. John F. Shoch and Jon A. Hupp, «Notes on the 'Worm' Programs — Some Early Experience with a Distributed Computation», Xerox PARC, September 1980.
6. Ibid., 1. See also: John Branner, Shockwave Rider (New York: Del Rey, 1975), 249-252.
7. Miron Livny and Udi Manber, «Distributed Computation Via Active Messages», IEEE Transactions on Computers 34, 12 (1985): 1185-1190.
8. «Deepest Computation in History for a Yes/No Answer», Technical News Release, 29 September 1999, « http://www.perfsci.com/ F24release.html  » (1 February 2002).
9. «GIMPS Finds First Million-Digit Prime, Stakes Claim to $50,000 EFF Award», 30 June 1999, « http://www.mersenne.org/6972593.htm  » (30 January 2002).
10. «Distributed Computing for Global Climate Research at Rutherford Appleton Laboratory», « http://www.climate-dynamics.rl.ac.uk/ index.html  » (25 January 2002).
11. United Devices, « http://www.ud.com/  » (1 February 2002).
12. «The United Devices Cancer Research Program», « http://www.intel.com/cure/united.htm  » (23 December 2001).
13. Henry Norr, «Idle Computer Time Can Fight Cancer», San Francisco Chronicle, 4 April 2001, Bl.
14. Paul Marks, «Anthrax Screensaver Finds Promising New Drugs»,  NewScientist.com  , 19 February 2002, « http://www.newscientist.com/ news/news.jsp?id=ns99991953  » (19 February 2002).
15. Google Compute, « http://toolbar. google.com/dc/faq_dc.html  » (6 March 2002).
16. Harry McCracken, «The Digital Century», PC World, December 1999, « http://www.pcworld.com/resource/article.asp?aid=13531  » (5 February 2002).
17. Matt Richtel, «With Napster Down, Its Audience Fans Out», New York Times, 20 July 2001, « http://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/20/ college/coll20MUSI.html  » (2 February 2002); Ron Harris, «Technology: Copyright Laws at Stake in Napster Case», Nando Times, 2 March 2001, « http://archive.nandotimes.eom/technology/story/0  ,1643,500458967500698582503788773-0,00.html» (5 February 2002).
18. Dan Bricklin, «The Cornucopia of the Commons», in Peer-to-Peer: Harnessing the Power of Disruptive Technologies, ed. Andy Oram (Sebastopol, Calif: O'Reilly and Associates, 2001).
19. Ashlee Vance, «Napster Serenades Songwriters, Ready to End Lawsuit», Unlimited Net, 26 September 2001, « http://   www.unlimited.net.nz/unlimited/unlimited.nsf/ArchiveByAuthor/  3CC3423C3EA87267CC256AD2006D2BA9?OpenDocument» (5 February 2002).
20. «Napster Offers $1 Billion to Settle Suit»,  CNN.com  , 21 February 2001, « http://www.cnn.com/2001/LAW/02/20/napster.settlement.03/  » (5 February 2002).
21. Gene Kan [1977-2002], «Gnutella», in Peer-to-Peer Harnessing the Power of Disruptive Technologies, ed. Andy Oram (Sebastopol, Calif.: O'Reilly and Associates, 2001); «What Is Gnutella?» Gnutella News, « http://www.gnutellanews.com/information/what_is_gnutella.shtml  » (2 February 2002).
22. Nullsoft, Inc., « http://www.nullsoft.com/  » (29 January 2002).
23. David E. Weekly, «Client as Server: The New Model», Freshmeat. net, 16 April 2000, « http://freshmeat.net/articles/view/155/  » (2 February 2002).
24. Gnutella News.
25. Kelly Truelove, «Gnutella and the Transient Web», OpenP2P.com, 22 March 2001, « http://www.openp2p.eom/pub/a/p2p/2001/03/22/traelove.html  » (17 January 2002).
26. Eytan Adar and Bernardo A. Huberman, «Free Riding on Gnutella», First Monday 5, 10 (2000), « http://www.firstmonday.dk/issues/issue5_ 10/adar/index.html  » (2 February 2002).
27. Mojo Nation, « http://www.mojonation.net/  » (23 January 2002).
28. Steven Johnson, «The Taste Test», Feed, 8 May 2001, « http:// www.feedmag.com/templates/default.php3?a_id=1703  » (23 December 2001).
29. Lou Gerstner, addressing the eBusiness Conference Expo in New York City, 12 December 2000, « http://www.ibm.com/lvg/1212.phtml  » (2 February 2002).
30. Michelle Delio, «The Grid Draws Its Battle Lines», Wired News, 20 February 2002, « http://www.wired.com/news/technol-ogy/0,1282,50538,00.html  » (29 March 2002).
31. Ian Foster, «Internet Computing and the Emerging Grid», Nature, 7 December 2000, « http://www.nature.com/nature/webmatters/grid/ grid.html  » (23 November 2001).
32. John Markoff, «The Soul of the Ultimate Machine», New York Times, 12 December 2000, « http://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/10/ technology/10SMAR.html  » (24 January 2002).
33. Steve Lohr, «IBM Making a Commitment to Next Phase of the Internet», New York Times, 2 August 2001, « http://www.nytimes. com/2001/08/02/technology/02BLUE.html  »
34. Ann Harrison, «The Crime of Distributed Computing», Register, 12 December 2001, « http://www.theregister.co.Uk/content/6/23477.html  » (1 February 2002).
35. Steven Bonisteel, «Criminal Charges Settled in Distributed-Com-puting Case», Newsbytes, 17 January 2002, « http://www.newsbytes.com/ news/02/173751.html  ».
36. Lawrence Lessig, The Future of Ideas (New York: Random House 2001).
Глава 4
1. Epigraph: Mark Weiser, «The Computer for the 21st Century», Scientific American, September 1991, p. 94-104. « http://www.ubiq.corn/ hypertext/weiser/SciAmDraft3.html  », 2 February 2002.
2. Howard Rheingold, Tools for Thought (New York: Simon amp; Schuster, 1985).
3. Joel Garreau, «You Are So Here», Washington Post, 19 August 2001: COl, « http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A33379-2001Augl9.html  » (22 January 2002).
4. «Sensor Networks for Healthcare, the Environment, and Homeland Defense», « http://www.soe.ucsd.edu/Research_Review/agenda.html  » (1 January 2002).
5. Saikat Chatterjee, «Netravali Sees a Networked Sphere in Ten Years», Business Times, The Times of India, New Delhi, 9 June 2000.
6. M. Weiser, R. Gold, and J. S. Brown, «The Origins of Ubiquitous Computing Research at PARC in the Late 1980s», IBM Systems Journal 38, 4 (1999): 693-696, « http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/sj/384/ weiser.html  » (2 February 2002).
7. Mark Weiser, «Ubiquitous Computing», « http://www.ubiq.com/ hypertext/weiser/UbiHome.html  » (29 January 2002).
8. Weiser, «The Computer for the 21st Century».
9. «The Trojan Room Coffee Machine», « http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/ coffee/eoffee.html  » (22 January 2002).
10. Weiser, «The Computer for the 21st Century».
11. Howard Rheingold, Virtual Reality (New York: Summit, 1991).
12. Myron Krueger, Artificial Reality (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1983).
13. Myron Krueger, «Responsive Environments», NCC Proceedings, 1977, 422-433.
14. Warren Robinett, «Electronic Expansion of Human Perception», Whole Earth Review, Fall 1991, 16-21.
15. Alex Pentland, «The Dance of Bits and Atoms», « http://www.white.media.mit.edu/people/sandy/profile.html  » (2 February 2002).
16. Ivan E. Sutherland, «The Ultimate Display», Proceedings of 1FIPS Congress, 2 May 1965, 506-508.
17. Alex P. Pentland, «Smart Rooms», Scientific American 274 (April 1996): 68-76, « http://www.sciam.com/0496issue/0496pentland.html  » (11 December 2001).
18. Elisa Batista, «Big Blue's Big Brother Lab», Wired News, 24 April 2001, « http://www.wired.eom/news/technology/0,1282,43186,00.htrnl  » (24 February 2002).
19. J. C. Spohrer, «Information in Places», IBM Systems Journal 38, 4 (1996), « http://www.research.ibm.com/jouraal/sj/384/spohrer.html  » (24 November 2001).
20. Ivan E. Sutherland, «Sketchpad: A Man-Machine Graphical Communication System», Proceedings of the Spring Joint Computer Conference, Detroit, Michigan, May 1963, and MIT Lincoln Laboratory Technical Report #296, January 1963.